![]() ![]() ![]() This trend is increasing progressively and leads to a rapid and uncontrolled growth, while many inhabitants are still poorly housed, without safe drinking water, sewage systems, adequate building materials, sufficient living space, formal tenure and a secure location (Boullon, 2012). The Latin American (LA) region is the second most highly urbanized area in the world and most of its population live in medium-sized and large cities in poor conditions (Jaitman & Brakarz, 2013). The overall conclusion is that there is room for improvement in the municipality, since its level of sustainability ranges, generally, from 1 to 2 on a scale of 3. The results made it possible to identify vulnerable or degraded urban areas, and on a lower level, to detect specific critical aspects that require the implementation of improvements geared towards a more sustainable urban environment. As a result, a set of indicators with their corresponding metrics and score in sustainability levels was obtained, as well as a graphical representation that facilitates the interpretation of results and enables the comparison of different urban areas within the city. Accordingly, the methodology was applied in the context of Colombia, particularly to the medium-sized city of Mosquera, as a case study, and both as a whole and by socio-economic strata. The methodology is structured as an ordered protocol in five stages: (I) revision of PROGRAMMES on urban sustainability, (II) revision and cluster of indicators, (III) definition of indicators and metrics, (IV) definition of the scoring method of indicators, and (V) graphical representation of indicators. This study aims to propose a methodology for the evaluation of urban sustainability in the context of a country, whose approach can be adapted to evaluate the urban sustainability of any country or territory, taking into account environmental, social, economic and institutional aspects. These results indicate it is a priority to establish governmental measures towards the conservation of SNSM, in particular sustainable development-based approaches involving local indigenous communities, as a guarantee for the well-being of the current and future generations.Although there are different methodologies for evaluating the sustainability of urban areas in Latin America, they usually apply to a specific city as a whole and cannot be generalized to other cities besides, they do not address smaller urban units, such as the district, and rarely approach all sustainability dimensions. As an important reserve area, different measures have been taken to protect biodiversity, however, their implementation has been insufficient. The multiple pressures derived from activities, such as mining, land use change, and tourism, have contributed significantly to the alteration of the homeostasis of the ecosystem and the reduction of the ecosystem services that it provides. ![]() These findings are in great agreement with the results. ![]() According to the DPSIR approach, the main driving forces generating pressures on the SNSM are mining projects, water management, agricultural systems, tourism, territorial conflicts and climate change. The aim of this work was to develop a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework as well as a threat assessment to obtain a generalized view regarding the environmental situation of the SNSM. However, little is known about how human activities are generating significant impacts on this protected ecosystem. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (SNSM), Colombia, has been considered the world's most irreplaceable nature reserve. ![]()
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